Table 2 Comparison of characteristics among coffee consumer groups categorized by daily coffee amounts
Daily coffee drinking amount | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Mild | Moderate | Heavy | ||
0 cup/day | <1 cup/day | 1-2 cup/day | ≥3 cup/day | ||
n=43 | n=109 | n=228 | n=120 | p-value | |
Age a, years | 48.5 (12.7) | 44.6 (12.3) | 47.4 (9.7) | 45.7 (10.3) | 0.077 |
Male b | 22 (51.2) | 51 (46.8) | 108 (47.4) | 87 (72.5) | 0.001 |
BMI a | 23.2 (2.8) | 23.4 (3.1) | 23.1 (3.1) | 24.2 (4.0) | 0.035 |
Obesity (BMI≥25 kg/m2)b | 11 (25.6) | 26 (23.9) | 63 (27.6) | 44 (36.7) | 0.152 |
Regular medication b | 8 (18.6) | 20 (18.3) | 39 (17.1) | 16 (13.3) | 0.305 |
Anti-hypertensive drug | 7 (16.3) | 19 (17.4) | 29 (12.8) | 14 (11.7) | 0.206 |
Oral hypoglycemic agent | 2 (4.7) | 1 (0.9) | 5 (2.2) | 1 (0.8) | 0.313 |
Anti-dyslipidemic drug | 1 (2.3) | 4 (3.7) | 7 (3.1) | 1 (0.8) | 0.332 |
Ultrasonography | |||||
Fatty liverb | 2 (4.7) | 13 (11.9) | 17 (7.5) | 14 (11.8) | 0.480 |
Alcohol | |||||
Drinking history b | |||||
None drinker | 22 (51.2) | 37 (33.9) | 81 (35.5) | 33 (27.5) | 0.007† |
Past drinker, quitted | 3 (7.0) | 7 (6.4) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (3.3) | |
Current drinker | 18 (41.9) | 65 (59.6) | 142 (62.3) | 83 (69.2) | |
Daily amount of alcohol consumption b | 15.9 (40.9) | 11.1 (19.9) | 14.0 (34.9) | 16.0 (27.1) | 0.649 |
No | 22 (51.2) | 40 (36.7) | 83 (36.4) | 35 (29.2) | 0.086† |
Not heavy (< 60g/day for male, <20g/day for female) | 17 (39.5) | 63 (57.8) | 131 (57.5) | 79 (65.8) | |
Heavy (≥ 60 g/day for male, ≥20 g/day for female) | 4 (9.3) | 6 (5.5) | 14 (6.1) | 6 (5.0) | |
Duration of drinking b | n=43 | n=106 | n=227 | n=116 | |
≥ 10 years | 17 (39.5) | 41 (38.7) | 119 (52.4) | 71 (61.2) | 0.001 |
Lifetime amount (x10 3 g) b | n=43 | n=106 | n=227 | n=118 | |
Never | 22 (51.2) | 38 (35.8) | 80 (35.2) | 33 (28.0) | 0.033† |
Mild(<100 x103 g for male , <35 x103 g for female) | 12 (27.9) | 44 (41.5) | 82 (36.1) | 47 (39.8) | |
Moderate (100–200 x103 g for male, 35–70 x103 g for female) | 1 (2.3) | 7 (6.6) | 19 (8.4) | 13 (11.0) | |
Heavy (≥200 x103 g for male, ≥70 x103 g for female) | 8 (18.6) | 17 (16.0) | 46 (20.3) | 25 (21.2) | |
Smoking | |||||
History b | n=42 | n=107 | n=223 | n=120 | |
None smoker | 28 (66.7) | 72 (67.3) | 131 (58.7) | 31 (25.8) | <0.001† |
Past smoker, quitted | 10 (23.8) | 16 (15.0) | 53 (23.8) | 32 (26.7) | |
Current smoker | 4 (9.5) | 19 (17.8) | 39 (17.5) | 57 (47.5) | |
Daily smoking amount (packs/day) b | n=42 | n=105 | n=213 | n=113 | |
No | 28 (66.7) | 72 (68.6) | 131 (61.5) | 31 (27.4) | <0.001† |
<0.5 | 7 (16.7) | 13 (12.4) | 33 (15.5) | 23 (20.4) | |
0.5-1 | 4 (9.5) | 16 (15.2) | 34 (16.0) | 42 (37.2) | |
> 1 | 3 (7.1) | 4 (3.8) | 15 (7.0) | 17 (15.0) | |
Lifetime amount (pack-year) b | n=39 | n=96 | n=199 | n=99 | |
Never | 28 (71.8) | 72 (75.0) | 131 (65.8) | 31 (31.3) | <0.001† |
<10 | 5 (12.8) | 12 (12.5) | 27 (13.6) | 15 (15.2) | |
10-20 | 1 (2.6) | 3 (3.1) | 23 (11.6) | 30 (30.3) | |
≥ 20 | 5 (12.8) | 9 (9.4) | 18 (9.0) | 23 (23.2) | |