Table 2 Odds ratios for prior antibiotic use in individuals with coeliac disease, small-intestinal inflammation and normal mucosa a
From: Antibiotic exposure and the development of coeliac disease: a nationwide case–control study
Coeliac disease | Inflammation | Normal mucosaa | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cases | Controls | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | Odds ratio | 95% CI | Cases | Controls | Odds ratio | 95% CI | |
(%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | (%) | |||||||
Any antibiotics b | 793/2933 (27.0) | 3081/14571 (21.1) | 1.40 | 1.27-1.53 | 836/2118 (39.5) | 2687/10442 (25.7) | 1.90 | 1.72–2.10 | 205/620 (33.1) | 757/3069 (24.7) | 1.58 | 1.30–1.92 |
Courses of antibiotics | ||||||||||||
1-2 courses | 639/2779 (23.0) | 2573/14063 (18.3) | 1.36 | 1.23-1.50 | 619/1901 (32.6) | 2146/9901 (21.7) | 1.75 | 1.57-1.95 | 153/568 (26.9) | 621/2933 (21.2) | 1.45 | 1.17-1.80 |
≥3 courses | 154/2294 (6.7) | 508/11998 (4.2) | 1.58 | 1.31-1.92 | 217/1499 (14.5) | 541/8296 (6.5) | 2.50 | 2.10-2.97 | 52/467 (11.1) | 136/2448 (5.6) | 2.28 | 1.56-3.33 |
Sex | ||||||||||||
Males | 278/1137 (24.5) | 1026/5645 (18.2) | 1.48 | 1.27-1.72 | 282/782 (36.1) | 824/3848 (21.4) | 2.10 | 1.78-2.48 | 69/224 (30.8) | 217/1099 (19.7) | 1.93 | 1.38–2.69 |
Females | 515/1796 (28.7) | 2055/8926 (23.0) | 1.36 | 1.21-1.52 | 554/1336 (41.5) | 1863/6594 (28.3) | 1.81 | 1.60-2.04 | 136/396 (34.3) | 540/1970 (27.4) | 1.43 | 1.12–1.82 |