Risk factors for early and delayed post-operative bleeding after endoscopic submucosal dissection of gastric neoplasms, including patients with continued use of antithrombotic agents

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors associated with overall post-operative bleeding

	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
Risk factor	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Male gender (vs. Female)	3.91 (0.89-17.11)	0.07*	6.40 (0.69-58.69)	0.10
Age ≥70 years (vs. ≤69 years)	1.01 (0.39-2.58)	0.99
Tumor location Lower (vs. Upper and Middle)	1.65 (0.67-4.08)	0.27
Continued use of LDA	2.97 (0.81-10.92)	0.10
Continued use of LDA + heparin replacement	6.84 (0.68-68.89)	0.10
Heparin replacement	7.99 (2.77-22.99)	<0.01*	5.77 (1.67-19.96)	0.01*
Cessation of antithrombotic agent during ESD procedure (vs. No antithrombotic therapy)	1.82 (0.38-8.68)	0.45
Liver cirrhosis	1.51 (0.33-6.83)	0.59
CKD undergoing hemodialysis	19.40 (4.75-79.19)	<0.01*	33.86 (4.72-242.74)	<0.01*
Specimen size ≥40 mm (vs. < 40 mm)	2.84 (1.14-7.09)	0.03*	3.70 (1.09-12.52)	0.04*
Procedure time ≥90 min (vs. < 90 min)	3.05 (1.12-8.29)	0.03*	2.45 (0.74-8.16)	0.15
Second-look endoscopy (vs. No second-look endoscopy)	3.83 (0.51-29.14)	0.19

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