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Table 3 Odds ratios for the risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease associated with current use of medications (nested case–control analysis)

From: Risk of uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease in a cohort of new users of low-dose acetylsalicylic acid for secondary prevention of cardiovascular events

 

Controls N = 2000 n (%)

Uncomplicated PUD cases N = 309 n (%)

Adjusted OR (95% CI) a

NSAIDs

206 (10.3)

57 (18.4)

1.50 (1.06-2.13)

  Selective COX-2 inhibitors

28 (1.4)

13 (4.2)

2.33 (1.13-4.79)

  tNSAIDs

178 (8.9)

44 (14.2)

1.36 (0.93-1.99)

Paracetamol

492 (24.6)

114 (36.9)

1.45 (1.08-1.95)

Low-dose ASA

1515 (75.8)

245 (79.3)

1.33 (0.87-2.04)

Clopidogrel

157 (7.9)

29 (9.4)

0.94 (0.60-1.48)

Oral anticoagulants

84 (4.2)

8 (2.6)

0.68 (0.31-1.48)

Dipyridamole

62 (3.1)

9 (2.9)

0.78 (0.37-1.62)

PPIs

453 (22.7)

107 (34.6)

1.68 (1.26-2.25)

  Used on start dateb

266 (13.3)

48 (15.5)

1.25 (0.86-1.80)

  Use initiated after start datec

187 (9.3)

59 (19.1)

2.38 (1.65-3.42)

H2RAs

60 (3.0)

23 (7.4)

2.26 (1.34-3.82)

Oral steroids

58 (2.9)

21 (6.8)

1.88 (1.09-3.25)

SSRIs

103 (5.2)

27 (8.7)

1.45 (0.91-2.32)

Tricyclic antidepressants

105 (5.3)

19 (6.1)

1.03 (0.61-1.74)

Statins

1431 (71.6)

220 (71.2)

0.89 (0.65-1.23)

  1. aOR adjusted for age, sex, follow-up time, health service utilization (PCP visits and referrals), smoking and drug use during study period (gastroprotective drugs, NSAIDs, ASA and paracetamol). Relative to non-use of drug.
  2. bPPI therapy in use on the start date or started within the 30 days after the start date.
  3. cPPI therapy started after the first 30 days of follow-up.
  4. Abbreviations: ASA-Acetylsalicylic acid; CI-Confidence interval; COX-2-Cyclooxygenase-2; H 2 RAs-Histamine-2 receptor antagonists; NSAIDs-Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; OR-Odds ratio; PCP-Primary care physician; PPIs-Proton pump inhibitors; PUD-Peptic ulcer disease; SSRIs-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; tNSAIDs-Traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.