Table 2 Associations between modifiable risk factors and GBD risk by sex
From: Sex and ethnic/racial-specific risk factors for gallbladder disease
| Â | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk Factors | No. Cases | HRa(95% CI) | No. Cases | HRa(95% CI) |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
 < 25 | 1577 | 1.00 (ref.) | 2463 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 25 - < 30 | 2612 | 1.23 (1.15–1.31) | 2444 | 1.33 (1.25–1.41) |
 ≥ 30 | 1076 | 1.55 (1.43–1.69) | 2213 | 1.74 (1.63–1.85) |
  P trend |  | < .0001 |  | < .0001 |
Diabetes | ||||
 No | 4360 | 1.00 (ref.) | 5968 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 Yes | 905 | 1.44 (1.34–1.55) | 1152 | 1.46 (1.37–1.56) |
Smoking (pack-years) | ||||
 Never | 1537 | 1.00 (ref.) | 4003 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 Past, < 20 | 2013 | 1.09 (1.01–1.16) | 1740 | 1.10 (1.04–1.16) |
 Past, ≥ 20 | 888 | 1.16 (1.07–1.27) | 418 | 1.30 (1.17–1.44) |
 Current, < 20 | 411 | 1.16 (1.04–1.30) | 582 | 1.17 (1.08–1.28) |
 Current, ≥ 20 | 416 | 1.22 (1.09–1.37) | 377 | 1.37 (1.23–1.53) |
  P trend |  | < .0001 |  | < .0001 |
Alcohol intake (ethanol g/day) | ||||
 0 | 2185 | 1.00 (ref.) | 4755 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 < 24 | 2256 | 0.92 (0.86–0.97) | 2083 | 0.86 (0.82–0.91) |
 24- ≤ 48 | 501 | 0.85 (0.77–0.94) | 190 | 0.80 (0.69–0.93) |
 > 48 | 323 | 0.86 (0.76–0.97) | 92 | 0.92 (0.74–1.14) |
  P trend |  | 0.0001 |  | < .0001 |
Vigorous Activity (hrs/day) | ||||
 0 | 2063 | 1.00 (ref.) | 4567 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 > 0- ≤ 0.21 | 892 | 0.89 (0.82–0.96) | 1078 | 0.90 (0.84–0.97) |
 > 0.21- ≤ 0.46 | 831 | 0.86 (0.79–0.94) | 740 | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) |
 > 0.46 | 1479 | 0.80 (0.74–0.86) | 735 | 0.90 (0.83–0.98) |
  P trend |  | < .0001 |  | 0.0041 |
Parityb | ||||
 0 children |  |  | 771 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 1 child |  |  | 746 | 1.09 (0.98–1.20) |
 2–3 children |  |  | 2906 | 1.05 (0.97–1.14) |
 ≥ 4 children |  |  | 2899 | 1.14 (1.05–1.23) |
  P trend |  |  |  | 0.0036 |
Age at First Live Birth (years)b | ||||
 No children |  |  | 771 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 ≤ 20 |  |  | 2505 | 1.10 (1.01–1.20) |
 21–30 |  |  | 3613 | 1.07 (0.99–1.15) |
 > 30 |  |  | 433 | 1.05 (0.94–1.19) |
  P trend |  |  |  | 0.5200 |
Ever Used Birth Controlb | ||||
 No |  |  | 4714 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 Yes |  |  | 2608 | 1.05 (0.99–1.11) |
Menopausal Hormone Useb | ||||
 Never users |  |  | 3383 | 1.00 (ref.) |
 Past users |  |  | 1442 | 0.97 (0.91–1.04) |
 Current estrogen-only |  |  | 1113 | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) |
 Current estrogen + progesterone |  |  | 1099 | 1.06 (0.99–1.14) |