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Table 4 Associations between selected dietary factors and GBD by sex

From: Sex and ethnic/racial-specific risk factors for gallbladder disease

 

Men

Women

 

No. Cases

HRa(95% CI)

No. Cases

HRa(95% CI)

Dietary Fiber (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 9.0

1723

1.00 (ref.)

1409

1.00 (ref.)

 > 9.0 – ≤ 11.6

1587

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

1912

0.96 (0.90–1.04)

 > 11.6 – ≤ 14.8

1300

0.91 (0.84–0.98)

2142

0.88 (0.81–0.94)

 > 14.8

1048

0.80 (0.74–0.88)

2316

0.81 (0.75–0.87)

  P trend

 

< .0001

 

< .0001

Total Vegetables (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 109.3

1744

1.00 (ref.)

1569

1.00 (ref.)

 > 109.3 – ≤ 150.1

1582

1.00 (0.93–1.07)

1788

0.96 (0.89–1.03)

 > 150.1 – ≤ 202.6

1298

0.89 (0.82–0.96)

2084

0.96 (0.89–1.02)

 > 202.6

1034

0.85 (0.78–0.92)

2338

0.89 (0.83–0.95)

  P trend

 

< .0001

 

0.0007

Total Fruits (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 78.9

1741

1.00 (ref.)

1591

1.00 (ref.)

 > 78.9 – ≤ 145.9

1558

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

1723

0.91 (0.84–0.97)

 > 145.9 – ≤ 239.8

1307

0.89 (0.82–0.96)

2128

0.93 (0.87–1.00)

 > 239.8

1052

0.93 (0.85–1.01)

2337

0.85 (0.80–0.91)

  P trend

 

0.0216

 

<.0001

Red Meat (g/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 14.3

1022

1.00 (ref.)

2087

1.00 (ref.)

 > 14.3 – ≤ 24.4

1305

1.07 (0.98–1.17)

2057

1.08 (1.01–1.15)

 > 24.4 – ≤ 36.1

1528

1.08 (0.99–1.17)

1860

1.13 (1.06–1.21)

 > 36.1

1803

1.13 (1.04–1.23)

1775

1.23 (1.15–1.31)

  P trend

 

0.0055

 

<.0001

% Calories from Saturated Fat

 ≤ 7.1

1269

1.00 (ref.)

1878

1.00 (ref.)

 > 7.1 – ≤ 8.9

1433

1.12 (1.04–1.21)

1875

1.02 (0.96–1.10)

 > 8.9 – ≤ 10.8

1423

1.09 (1.00–1.18)

1962

1.11 (1.04–1.19)

 > 10.8

1533

1.14 (1.04–1.24)

2064

1.20 (1.12–1.29)

  P trend

 

0.0134

 

< .0001

Cholesterol (mg/1000 kcal/day)

 ≤ 77.8

1241

1.00 (ref.)

1925

1.00 (ref.)

 > 77.8 – ≤ 101.7

1383

1.06 (0.98–1.15)

1937

1.06 (0.99–1.13)

 > 101.7 – ≤ 128.7

1456

1.08 (1.00–1.17)

1966

1.14 (1.06–1.22)

 > 128.7

1578

1.06 (0.98–1.15)

1951

1.22 (1.14–1.31)

  P trend

 

0.1823

 

< .0001

% Calories from Carbohydrate

 ≤ 46.1

1619

1.00 (ref.)

1676

1.00 (ref.)

 > 46.1 – ≤ 52.1

1494

1.00 (0.93–1.08)

1907

0.94 (0.88–1.01)

 > 52.1 – ≤ 58.2

1327

0.98 (0.90–1.06)

2083

0.91 (0.85–0.97)

 > 58.2

1218

0.99 (0.91–1.09)

2113

0.86 (0.80–0.93)

  P trend

 

0.7258

 

< .0001

  1. aHR stratified by set number (defined by matching factors: birth year, sex, ethnicity, study area, duration of Medicare enrollment) and adjusted for smoking-pack years (never, past <20, past ≥20, current <20, current ≥20), alcohol intake (0, <24, 24- ≤ 48, >48 ethanol g/day), body mass index (<25, 25- < 30, 30+ kg/m2), diabetes (no/yes), calories, and education (≤ High School, some college, ≥college graduate)
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BMC Gastroenterology

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