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Table 1 Characteristics of the Patients

From: Male sex and history of ischemic heart disease are major risk factors for anastomotic leakage after laparoscopic anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer

Parameter

Total

Anastomotic leakage (+)

Anastomotic leakage (−)

p

Number of patients

154

18

136

 

Gender, m/f, n (%)

100/54 (65/35)

18/0 (100/0)

82/54 (60/40)

0.0003

Age, yr., mean ± SD (median, range)

67.1 ± 11.0 (69, 36–87)

64.7 ± 7.3 (63, 52–72)

67.4 ± 11.4 (70, 36–87)

0.12

BMI, kg/m2, mean ± SD (median, range)

23.0 ± 3.3 (22.9, 15.2–36.9)

23.5 ± 3.7 (22.9, 15.2–28.6)

22.9 ± 3.2 (22.9, 16.8–36.9)

0.27

BMI, ≥ 25, n (%)

38 (25)

8 (44)

30 (22)

0.08

ASA

   

1.00

 1

22 (14)

2 (11)

20 (15)

 

 2

121 (79)

15 (83)

106 (78)

 

 3

11 (7)

1 (6)

10 (7)

 

Tumor location (from the anal verge), n (%)

   

0.32

 Upper (10–15 cm)

66 (43)

5 (28)

61 (45)

 

 Middle (5–10 cm)

56 (36)

9 (50)

47 (35)

 

 Lower (< 5 cm)

32 (21)

4 (13)

28 (21)

 

Tumor size, mm, mean ± SD (median, range)

39.7 ± 20.4 (38, 7–170)

45.6 ± 19.3 (50, 7–80)

38.9 ± 20.4 (35, 8–170)

0.08

UICC-TNM Stage, n (%)

   

0.62

 0

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (1)

 

 I

46 (30)

6 (33)

40 (29)

 

 II

40 (26)

5 (28)

35 (26)

 

 III

45 (30)

3 (17)

42 (31)

 

 IV

20 (13)

4 (22)

16 (12)

 

 Unknown (CR case after preoperative chemotherapy)

1 (1)

0 (0)

1 (1)

 

T category, n (%)

   

0.65

 Tis

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (1)

 

 T1

21 (14)

2 (11)

19 (14)

 

 T2

36 (23)

4 (22)

32 (24)

 

 T3

76 (49)

11 (61)

65 (48)

 

 T4

16 (10)

0 (0)

16 (12)

 

N category, n (%)

   

0.96

 N0

95 (62)

11 (61)

84 (62)

 

 N1

40 (26)

5 (28)

35 (26)

 

 N2

14 (9)

2 (11)

12 (9)

 

 N3

5 (3)

0 (0)

5 (4)

 

M category, n (%)

   

0.26

 M0

134 (87)

14 (78)

120 (88)

 

 M1

20 (13)

4 (22)

16 (12)

 

Preoperative chemotherapy, n (%)

11 (7)

1 (6)

10 (7)

1.00

Preoperative decompression, n (%)

2 (1)

0 (0)

2 (1)

1.00

WBC, × 102/μl, mean ± SD

63.5 ± 16.3

69.7 ± 15.2

62.7 ± 16.3

0.09

Plt, × 104/μl, mean ± SD

24.5 ± 6.7

26.4 ± 10.6

24.2 ± 6.0

0.19

Creatinine, mg/dl, mean ± SD

0.83 ± 0.28

1.05 ± 0.51

0.80 ± 0.23

<  0.001

Total cholesterol, mg/dl, mean ± SD

192 ± 38

177 ± 52

194 ± 36

0.10

Triglyceride, mg/dl, mean ± SD

122 ± 65

128 ± 68

122 ± 65

0.72

Total protein, g/dl, mean ± SD

7.5 ± 5.4

7.0 ± 0.4

7.5 ± 5.8

0.70

Albumin, g/dl, mean ± SD

4.4 ± 3.6

3.9 ± 0.5

4.4 ± 3.8

0.58

Blood sugar, mg/dl, mean ± SD

111 ± 33

127 ± 44

109 ± 31

0.06

Any comorbidity, n (%)

114 (74)

16 (89)

98 (72)

0.16

 Hypertension, n (%)

74 (48)

9 (50)

65 (48)

1.00

 Ischemic Heart Disease, n (%)

13 (8)

6 (33)

7 (5)

0.001

 Arrhythmia, n (%)

6 (4)

1 (6)

5 (4)

0.47

 Cerebrovascular Disease, n (%)

9 (6)

3 (17)

6 (4)

0.07

 Asthma, n (%)

5 (3)

1 (6)

4 (3)

0.47

 COPD, n (%)

5 (3)

0 (0)

5 (4)

1.00

 Diabetes Mellitus, n (%)

37 (24)

7 (39)

30 (22)

0.14

 Dyslipidemia, n (%)

28 (18)

1 (6)

27 (20)

0.20

Smoking, n (%)

33 (21)

4 (22)

29 (21)

1.00

The use of antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agent, n (%)

28 (18)

6 (33)

22 (16)

0.10

Type of operation

   

0.02

 High anterior resection

44 (29)

1 (6)

43 (32)

 

 Low anterior resection

110 (71)

17 (94)

93 (68)

 

High tie, n (%)

98 (64)

9 (50)

89 (65)

0.21

D

   

0.42

 2

47 (30)

7 (39)

40 (29)

 

 3

107 (70)

11 (61)

96 (71)

 

LN harvested, mean ± SD (median, range)

15.8 ± 7.6 (15, 2–40)

13.8 ± 5.3 (13, 5–23)

16.0 ± 7.9 (16, 2–40)

0.42

LN metastasized, mean ± SD (median, range)

1.6 ± 3.5 (0, 0–23)

1.4 ± 2.7 (0, 0–11)

1.6 ± 3.6 (0, 0–23)

0.97

Cur

   

0.20

 A

134 (87)

14 (78)

120 (88)

 

 B

4 (3)

0 (0)

4 (3)

 

 C

16 (10)

4 (22)

12 (9)

 

Number of stapler firings, mean ± SD (median, range)

1.3 ± 0.5 (1, 1–3)

1.5 ± 0.5 (1, 1–2)

1.3 ± 0.5 (1, 1–3)

0.06

Number of stapler firings, ≥ 2 times (%)

46 (30)

9 (50)

37 (27)

0.06

Air leak test, n (%)

124 (81)

15 (83)

109 (80)

1.00

Air leak, air leak / air leak test (%)

4/124 (3)

1/15 (7)

3/109 (2)

0.33

Operative time, min, mean ± SD (median, range)

280 ± 93 (265, 134–692)

332 ± 118 (312, 160–631)

273 ± 87 (262, 134–692)

0.03

Post meridiem operation, n (%)

26 (17)

5 (28)

21 (15)

0.19

Operative blood loss, ml, mean ± SD (median, range)

84 ± 145 (25, 0–995)

131 ± 169 (60, 0–560)

78 ± 140 (20, 0–995)

0.07

Blood transfusion, n (%)

9 (6)

1 (6)

8 (6)

1.00

Temporary loop ileostomy, n (%)

23 (15)

2 (11)

21 (15)

1.00

Placement of transanal drain, n (%)

56 (36)

11 (61)

45 (33)

0.03

Postoperative stay, day, mean ± SD (median, range)

14.2 ± 11.6 (10, 7–77)

36.2 ± 19.4 (29, 10–77)

11.3 ± 5.7 (10, 7–43)

<  0.01