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Table 3 Predictive factors for steatorrhea development in adult patients after the diagnosis of CP (1600 cases)

From: Risk factor for steatorrhea in pediatric chronic pancreatitis patients

Predictors

n (%)

Univariate Analysis

Multivariate Analysis

P

HR (95%CI)

P

HR (95%CI)

Gender (male)

1161 (72.6%)

< 0.001

2.502 (1.639–3.820)

< 0.001

2.694 (1.756–4.133)

Age at the onset of CP, ya

42.777 ± 13.997

0.429

0.996 (0.984–1.007)

  

Age at the diagnosis of CP, ya

46.798 ± 13.333

< 0.001

0.972 (0.961–0.984)

< 0.001

0.966 (0.953–0.978)

Smoking history

608 (38.0%)

0.188

1.222 (0.907–1.645)

  

Alcohol consumption

 

0.098

   

 0 g/d

1000 (62.5%)

Control

  

 0-20 g/d

49 (3.1%)

0.481

0.661 (0.209–2.089)

  

 20-80 g/d

202 (12.6%)

0.129

1.386 (0.909–2.144)

  

  > 80 g/d

349 (21.8%)

0.036

1.437 (1.024–2.016)

  

Body mass indexa

25.316 ± 96.332

0.882

0.996 (0.942–1.052)

  

Etiology

 

0.018

 

0.143

 

 ICP

1207 (75.4%)

Control

Control

 ACP

338 (21.1%)

0.037

1.414 (1.021–1.956)

0.219

 

 Abnormal anatomy of pancreatic duct

30 (1.9%)

0.373

0.530 (0.131–2.146)

0.658

 

 HCP

11 (0.7%)

0.962

0.000 (0.000–3.933E182)

0.345

 

 Post-traumatic CP

7 (0.4%)

0.003

8.514 (2.088–34.720)

0.041

 

 Hyperlipidemic CP

7 (0.4%)

0.952

0.000 (0.000–1.191E142)

0.178

 

Initial manifestations

 

< 0.001

 

< 0.001

 

 Abdominal pain

1371 (85.7%)

< 0.001

0.401 (0.253–0.636)

< 0.001

0.308 (0.192–0.494)

 Endocrine dysfunction

104 (6.5%)

0.130

0.604 (0.315–1.160)

0.059

0.491 (0.235–1.027)

 Others

125 (7.8%)

Control

Control

Pancreatic stonesbc

1114 (69.6%)

0.830

0.966 (0.701–1.330)

  

Biliary strictureb

124 (7.8%)

0.097

1.512 (0.928–2.463)

  

DMb

265 (16.6%)

0.031

1.450 (1.034–2.035)

0.029

1.558 (1.047–2.319)

Pancreatic pseudocystb

123 (7.7%)

0.355

1.284 (0.756–2.180)

  

Morphology of MPD

 

0.063

   

 Pancreatic stone alone

394 (24.6%)

0.047

1.837 (1.009–3.343)

  

 MPD stenosis alone

495 (30.9%)

0.016

2.033 (1.144–3.613)

  

 MPD stenosis and stone

506 (31.6%)

0.194

1.483 (0.818–2.687)

  

 Complex pathologic changes

205 (12.8%)

Control

  

Type of painb

 

0.086

   

 Recurrent acute pancreatitis

472 (29.5%)

0.007

0.534 (0.339–0.843)

  

 Recurrent pain

438 (27.4%)

0.048

0.636 (0.406–0.996)

  

 Recurrent acute pancreatitis and pain

388 (24.3%)

0.021

0.578 (0.364–0.919)

  

 Chronic pain

62 (3.9%)

0.206

0.543 (0.211–1.398)

  

 Without pain

240 (15.0%)

Control

  

Severe acute pancreatitisb

50 (3.1%)

0.061

0.153 (0.021–1.091)

  

Pancreatic duct successful drainagebd

223 (13.9%)

0.987

1.004 (0.648–1.555)

  

Treatment strategy

 

0.698

   

 Endotherapy alone

120 (7.5%)

0.657

0.871 (0.472–1.607)

  

 Surgery alone

87 (5.4%)

0.282

1.400 (0.758–2.585)

  

 Both endotherapy and surgery

14 (0.9%)

0.951

0.000 (0.000–3.013E148)

  

 Conservative treatment

1379 (86.2%)

Control

  

DM in first−/second−/third-degree relatives

76 (4.8%)

0.241

0.587 (0.241–1.429)

  

Pancreatic diseases in first−/second−/third-degree relatives (excluding hereditary CP)

16 (1.0%)

0.691

0.671 (0.094–4.793)

  
  1. CP chronic pancreatitis, DM diabetes mellitus, ICP idiopathic chronic pancreatitis, ACP alcoholic chronic pancreatitis, HCP hereditary chronic pancreatitis, MPD main pancreatic duct, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
  2. aMean ± SD
  3. bBefore or at the diagnosis of CP
  4. cPancreatic calcifications were also regarded as stones that are located in branch pancreatic duct or ductulus
  5. dPatients with successful MPD drainage are those whose CP was established after ERCP or pancreatic surgery or those who underwent successful MPD drainage during administration when CP diagnosis was established