Table 1 Patients’ characteristics and nutrient intake profiles
|  | Placebo (n = 20) | TGD 300 mg/day (n = 20) | TGD 900 mg/day (n = 20) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | ||||
  Sex (male/female) | 9/11 | 14/6 | 12/8 | 0.272 |
  Age (year) | 61.8 ± 8.1 | 62.4 ± 10.3 | 62.7 ± 8.3 | 0.928 |
  Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.8 ± 4.2 | 25.1 ± 4.8 | 23.2 ± 3.1 | 0.187 |
  HbA1c (%) | 6.9 ± 0.7 | 6.7 ± 0.5 | 6.7 ± 0.4 | 0.319 |
  Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 141.4 ± 35.3 | 143.8 ± 20.1 | 148.8 ± 23.7 | 0.677 |
  Insulin (mU/mL) | 9.2 ± 8.1 | 13.7 ± 17.5 | 13.2 ± 21.9 | 0.651 |
Nutrients | ||||
  Energy (Kcal) | 1565 ± 320 | 1768 ± 417 | 1671 ± 321 | 0.203 |
  Protein (g) | 51.3 ± 11.1 | 56.9 ± 11.7 | 52.7 ± 8.4 | 0.203 |
  Fat (g) | 39.8 ± 7.3 | 45.0 ± 10.3 | 39.3 ± 8.2 | 0.069 |
  Cholesterol (mg) | 254 ± 80 | 234 ± 53 | 235 ± 64 | 0.548 |
Ongoing diabetes therapies, n (%) | ||||
  Insulin injection | 3 (15) | 2 (10) | 6 (30) | 0.235 |
  Metoformin | 5 (25) | 7 (35) | 5 (25) | 0.720 |
  Insulin secretagogue | 13 (65) | 12 (60) | 9 (45) | 0.414 |
  α-Glicosidase inhibitor | 8 (40) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 0.765 |
  PPAR-γ antagonist | 5 (25) | 5 (25) | 5 (25) | 1.000 |
  ≥2 diabetes drugs | 11 (55) | 11 (55) | 9 (45) | 0.766 |
  Lifestyle modification only | 2 (4) | 1 (5) | 2 (4) | 0.804 |