Table 5 Characteristics of opioid withdrawal syndrome (OWS) and narcotic bowel syndrome (NBS)
From: Lead poisoning; a neglected potential diagnosis in abdominal pain
OWS | lacrimation or rhinorrhea, piloerection “goose flesh,” myalgia, diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, pupillary dilation and photophobia, insomnia, autonomic hyperactivity (tachypnea, hyperreflexia, tachycardia, sweating, hypertension, hyperthermia), and yawning. |
NBS | constipation, nausea, bloating, ileus and predominantly abdominal pain |