Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Karimian, Mohammad; Nourmohammadi, Hassan; Salamati, Majid; Hafezi Ahmadi, Mohammad Reza; Kazemi, Fatemeh; Azami, Milad

doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01417-6

BMC Gastroenterology

Table 3 Subgroup analysis of prevalence of heartburn

From: Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Iran: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Variable			Studies (N)	Sample (N)		Heterogeneity		95% CI	Pooled prevalence (%)
Variable			Studies (N)	Total subjects	Event	I²	P-Value	95% CI	Pooled prevalence (%)
Daily	Areas	Center	3	7727	98	89.58	< 0.001	0.48–2.13	1.02
		East	1	1066	136	–	–	10.92–14.94	12.80
		South	2	9981	1294	98.10	< 0.001	0.23–39.75	3.78
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 46.616, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001
	Population	Blood donors	1	3517	67	–	–	1.50–2.41	1.90
		General population	4	12,249	1438	97.67	< 0.001	1.86–7.92	3.88
		Health care worker	1	3008	24	–	–	0.54–1.19	0.80
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 19.304, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001
	Year of studies	1998–2005	4	8793	235	98.02	< 0.001	0.42–8.35	1.93
		2006–2015	2	9981	1294	98.10	< 0.001	0.23–39.75	3.78
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.672, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.672
	Quality of studies	Low risk	3	11,047	1431	98.84	< 0.001	4.27–12.53	7.40
	Quality of studies	Moderate risk	3	7727	98	89.58	< 0.001	0.48–2.13	1.02
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 17.950, df(Q) = 1, P < 0.001
	Method of data collection	Questionnaire + Interview	5	17,708	1392	99.31	< 0.001	0.37–7.43	1.69
		Interview	1	1066	136	–	–	10.92–14.94	12.80
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 7.342, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.007
	Sex	The odds ratio of females to males: 1.211 (95% CI: 0.915–1.602, P = 0.180); Heterogeneity: I²: 0%, P = 0.829
Weekly	Areas	Center	7	35,634	3014	99.66	< 0.001	4.38–16.29	8.62
		East	1	1066	96	–	–	7.42–10.87	9.00
		North	3	5697	181	90.56	< 0.001	2.04–5.97	3.50
		South	4	11,318	2668	97.75	< 0.001	10.64–25.31	16.37
		West	1	410	123	–	–	25.85–34.72	30.10
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 131.724, df(Q) = 4, P < 0.001
	Population	Blood donors	1	3517	81	–	–	1.85–2.85	2.30
		General population	11	45,674	5633	99.65	< 0.001	7.14–18.48	11.66
		Health care worker	3	4197	180	97.84	< 0.001	1.60–13.25	4.74
		injured people of B	1	737	188	–	–	22.48–28.77	25.50
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 364.779, df(Q) = 3, P < 0.001
	Year of studies	1991–2004	8	16,586	948	99.03	< 0.001	2.86–10.91	5.66
		2005–2013	8	37,539	5133	99.70	< 0.001	8.94–25.47	15.48
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 5.330, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.021
	Quality of studies	Low risk	6	32,832	3913	99.76	< 0.001	5.58–24.24	12.08
	Quality of studies	Moderate risk	10	21,296	2169	99.39	< 0.001	4.36–14.88	8.19
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.614, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.433
	Method of data collection	Interview	2	4100	357	0	0.690	7.88–9.61	8.71
		Questionnaire	4	7001	1432	98.09	< 0.001	8.76–24.18	14.90
		Questionnaire + Interview	10	43,024	4292	99.70	< 0.001	4.11–15.09	8.03
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 3.897, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.142
	Sex	The odds ratio of females to males: 1.678 (95% CI: 1.105–2.548, P = 0.015); Heterogeneity: I²: 80.16%, P < 0.001
Monthly	Areas	Center	3	7727	423	94.26	< 0.001	3.46–7.91	5.26
		East	1	1066	119	–	–	9.44–13.24	11.20
		North	1	589	30	–	–	3.59–7.20	5.10
		South	2	9981	4256	99.60	< 0.001	1.14–77.24	16.49
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 27.0761, df(Q) = 3, P < 0.001
	Population	Blood donors	1	3517	144	–	–	3.49–4.81	4.10
		General population	4	12,249	4432	99.69	< 0.001	2.40–38.88	11.11
		Health care worker	2	3597	253	74.63	< 0.001	4.44–9.07	6.37
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 6.229, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.044
	Year of studies	1991–2004	5	9382	573	95.15	< 0.001	4.16–8.93	6.12
		2005–2013	2	9981	4256	99.60	< 0.001	1.14–77.24	16.49
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.571, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.450
	Quality of studies	Low risk	3	11,047	4375	99.66	< 0.001	2.96–48.85	14.57
	Quality of studies	Moderate risk	4	8316	453	91.48	< 0.001	3.71–7.31	5.23
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.582, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.208
	Method of data collection	Interview	1	1066	119	–	–	9.44–13.24	11.20
	Method of data collection	Questionnaire + Interview	6	18,297	4709	99.81	< 0.001	1.90–26.74	7.76
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.288, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.592
	Sex	The odds ratio of females to males: 1.282 (95% CI: 1.282–1.729, P < 0.001); Heterogeneity: I²: 16.13%, P = 0.311
Overall	Areas	Center	6	15,496	3022	99.35	< 0.001	11.70–27.69	18.38
		East	1	1066	352	–	–	30.26–35.90	33.02
		South	2	9981	5370	99.65	< 0.001	10.39–73.94	36.45
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 7.973, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.019
	Population	Blood donors	1	3517	369	–	–	7.54–9.38	8.42
		General population	6	15,349	6827	99.62	< 0.001	16.36–44.01	28.17
		Health care worker	2	7677	1621	98.17	< 0.001	14.06–27.99	20.14
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 34.143, df(Q) = 2, P < 0.001
	Year of studies	1991–2004	6	11,893	2258	99.39	< 0.001	11.40–31.36	19.52
		2005–2013	3	14,650	6486	99.85	< 0.001	13.15–59.27	31.94
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 0.996, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.318
	Quality of studies	Low risk	4	15,716	6838	99.83	< 0.001	16.21–53.86	32.22
	Quality of studies	Moderate risk	5	10,827	1906	99.45	< 0.001	9.22–30.35	17.38
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.908, df(Q) = 1, P = 0.167
	Method of data collection	Interview	2	3466	1096	99.44	< 0.001	29.86–33.66	31.73
		Questionnaire	2	5369	1394	98.69	< 0.001	18.00–48.35	31.19
		Questionnaire + Interview	5	17,708	6254	99.87	< 0.001	5.54–49.93	17.66
		Test for subgroup differences: Q = 1.148, df(Q) = 2, P = 0.505
	Sex	The odds ratio of females to males: 1.414 (95% CI: 1.093–1.829, P = 0.008); Heterogeneity: I²: 79.84%, P = 0.002

CI Confidence intervals, N number

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