A hypocaloric high-protein diet supplemented with β-cryptoxanthin improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial

Haidari, Fatemeh; Hojhabrimanesh, Abdollah; Helli, Bizhan; Seyedian, Seyed-Saeed; Ahmadi-Angali, Kambiz; Abiri, Behnaz

doi:10.1186/s12876-020-01502-w

Table 4 Data on study outcomes after the 12-week intervention period (N = 92)^a,b,c,d,e

From: A hypocaloric high-protein diet supplemented with β-cryptoxanthin improves non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial

	HP-diet and β-cryptoxanthin	HP-diet	β-Cryptoxanthin	Control	p value
Serum ALT (IU/L)
Unadjusted	25.7 [20.9; 30.5]	36.0 [30.2; 41.8]	42.6 [37.9; 47.4]	51.6 [47.6; 55.6]	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted	25.1 [21.0; 29.3]	35.7 [31.3; 40.1]	42.7 [38.5; 47.0]	52.4 [48.1; 56.6]	< 0.001
Change in serum ALT (IU/L)
Unadjusted	− 45.3 [− 50.2; − 40.3]	− 34.6 [− 39.2; − 30.1]	− 28.9 [− 35.0; − 22.8]	− 18.7 [− 23.7; − 13.7]	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted	− 45.7 [− 49.9; − 41.6]	− 35.2 [− 39.5; − 30.8]	− 28.1 [− 32.4; − 23.9]	− 18.5 [− 22.8; − 14.2]	< 0.001
Serum AST (IU/L)
Unadjusted	20.0 [17.5; 22.4]	21.6 [19.8; 23.4]	23.1 [21.0; 25.2]	24.7 [20.2; 29.2]	0.121
Multivariable adjusted	18.9 [16.1; 21.7]	20.7 [17.7; 23.6]	23.8 [20.9; 26.7]	26.0 [23.2; 28.9]	0.039
Change in serum AST (IU/L)
Unadjusted	− 19.4 [− 25.5; − 13.2]	− 15.9 [− 22.6; − 9.2]	− 17.9 [− 24.3; − 11.4]	− 13.9 [− 19.6; − 8.1]	0.603
Multivariable adjusted	− 20.2 [− 23.0; − 17.4]	− 18.4 [− 21.4; − 15.5]	− 15.3 [− 18.2; − 12.4]	− 13.1 [− 16.0; − 10.2]	0.014
Serum ALP (IU/L)
Unadjusted	136.1 [112.6; 159.5]	142.7 [122.2; 163.3]	167.1 [151.5; 182.7]	180.6 [161.8; 199.3]	0.009
Multivariable adjusted	137.1 [123.3; 150.8]	150.0 [135.5; 164.4]	163.1 [149.1; 177.2]	176.2 [162.1; 190.4]	0.050
Change in serum ALP (IU/L)
Unadjusted	− 57.9 [− 76.0; − 39.9]	− 47.7 [− 68.5; − 26.9]	− 27.1 [− 35.3; − 18.9]	− 16.2 [− 23.2; − 9.3]	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted	− 56.8 [− 70.6; − 43.0]	− 43.9 [− 58.3; − 29.4]	− 30.7 [− 44.7; − 16.7]	− 17.6 [− 31.8; − 3.4]	0.005
Serum GGT (IU/L)
Unadjusted	17.0 [14.3; 19.7]	25.5 [21.8; 29.2]	27.8 [24.4; 31.2]	33.0 [29.8; 36.3]	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted	16.9 [13.5; 20.2]	25.7 [22.2; 29.2]	27.6 [24.2; 31.0]	33.2 [29.7; 36.6]	< 0.001
Change in serum GGT (IU/L)
Unadjusted	− 31.2 [− 35.2; − 27.1]	− 22.2 [− 27.6; − 16.8]	− 19.5 [− 24.0; − 15.0]	− 13.3 [− 16.6; − 10.0]	< 0.001
Multivariable adjusted	− 30.5 [− 33.9; − 27.2]	− 21.7 [− 25.2; − 18.2]	− 19.8 [− 23.2; − 16.4]	− 14.2 [− 17.6; − 10.8]	< 0.001
Hepatic steatosis					< 0.001
Grade 0 (no steatosis)	19 (82.6)	3 (13.0)	4 (17.4)	0 (0.0)
Grade 1 (mild steatosis)	4 (17.4)	18 (78.3)	16 (69.6)	13 (56.5)
Grade 2 (moderate steatosis)	0 (0.0)	2 (8.7)	3 (13.0)	10 (43.5)
Grade 3 (severe steatosis)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)	0 (0.0)

ALP alkaline phosphatase, ALT alanine aminotransferase, AST aspartate aminotransferase, GGT gamma-glutamyl transferase, HP high-protein
^aIn ach group n = 23
^bData are presented as n (%) or mean [95% confidence intervals]
^cThe one-way analysis of variance and the one-way analysis of covariance were used to compare the unadjusted and multivariable adjusted means of continuous outcomes among study groups, respectively
^dFor each continuous outcome, the corresponding baseline value, gender, age, and 12-week changes in body mass index and waist circumference were included as covariates in the one-way analysis of covariance
^eThe Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical outcomes among study groups

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