| Predictors | levels | Overall, N = 1990 n (%) | GC, N = 858 n (%) | NUD, N = 1132 n (%) | P value1 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Demographic | Â | |||||
1 | Age |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | ≤ 50 | 824 (41%) | 143 (17%) | 681 (60%) |  |
 |  | (> 50 – 60) | 477 (24%) | 214 (25%) | 263 (23%) |  |
 |  | (> 60 – 70) | 431 (22%) | 308 (36%) | 123 (11%) |  |
 |  | (> 70) | 258 (13%) | 193 (22%) | 65 (5.7%) |  |
2 | Ethnicity |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Fars | 642 (32%) | 177 (21%) | 465 (41%) |  |
 |  | Non-Fars | 1348 (68%) | 681 (79%) | 667 (59%) |  |
3 | Gender |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Female | 878 (44%) | 223 (26%) | 655 (58%) |  |
 |  | Male | 1112 (56%) | 635 (74%) | 477 (42%) |  |
2. Diet | Â | |||||
4 | Canned food | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.201 |
 |  | Never | 1317 (66%) | 581 (68%) | 736 (65%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 673 (34%) | 277 (32%) | 396 (35%) |  |
5 | Carbonated soft drinks | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.212 |
 |  | Never to low | 1576 (79%) | 690 (80%) | 886 (78%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 414 (21%) | 168 (20%) | 246 (22%) |  |
6 | Cheese | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.008 |
 |  | Never to low | 574 (29%) | 274 (32%) | 300 (27%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1416 (71%) | 584 (68%) | 832 (73%) |  |
7 | Chicken | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.732 |
 |  | Never to low | 1119 (56%) | 486 (57%) | 633 (56%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 871 (44%) | 372 (43%) | 499 (44%) |  |
8 | Coffee | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.002 |
 |  | Never to low | 1937 (97%) | 846 (99%) | 1091 (96%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 53 (2.7%) | 12 (1.4%) | 41 (3.6%) |  |
9 | Cooking method | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.401 |
 |  | Boiling | 811 (41%) | 359 (42%) | 452 (40%) |  |
 |  | Other than boiling | 1179 (59%) | 499 (58%) | 680 (60%) |  |
10 | Cooking oil |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Unsaturated | 740 (37%) | 243 (28%) | 497 (44%) |  |
 |  | Saturated or both | 1250 (63%) | 615 (72%) | 635 (56%) |  |
11 | Cooking salt | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 626 (31%) | 237 (28%) | 389 (34%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1364 (69%) | 621 (72%) | 743 (66%) |  |
12 | Dinner time |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Early | 1279 (64%) | 495 (58%) | 784 (69%) |  |
 |  | Late | 711 (36%) | 363 (42%) | 348 (31%) |  |
13 | Drinking water (childhood) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | City plumbing | 821 (41%) | 221 (26%) | 600 (53%) |  |
 |  | Other than city plumbing | 1169 (59%) | 637 (74%) | 532 (47%) |  |
14 | Eggs |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 1265 (64%) | 481 (56%) | 784 (69%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 725 (36%) | 377 (44%) | 348 (31%) |  |
15 | Fish | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.902 |
 |  | Never to low | 516 (26%) | 224 (26%) | 292 (26%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1474 (74%) | 634 (74%) | 840 (74%) |  |
16 | Fruits |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 1503 (76%) | 611 (71%) | 892 (79%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 487 (24%) | 247 (29%) | 240 (21%) |  |
17 | Milk |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 1332 (67%) | 526 (61%) | 806 (71%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 658 (33%) | 332 (39%) | 326 (29%) |  |
18 | Minerals |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 426 (21%) | 114 (13%) | 312 (28%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 1564 (79%) | 744 (87%) | 820 (72%) |  |
19 | Pickled vegetables | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.245 |
 |  | Never to low | 414 (21%) | 166 (19%) | 248 (22%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1576 (79%) | 692 (81%) | 884 (78%) |  |
20 | Processed meats |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 1159 (58%) | 555 (65%) | 604 (53%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 831 (42%) | 303 (35%) | 528 (47%) |  |
21 | Potato chips |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 1337 (67%) | 629 (73%) | 708 (63%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 653 (33%) | 229 (27%) | 424 (37%) |  |
22 | Red meat | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.413 |
 |  | Never to low | 1076 (54%) | 474 (55%) | 602 (53%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 914 (46%) | 384 (45%) | 530 (47%) |  |
23 | Salted food | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.054 |
 |  | Never | 1842 (93%) | 783 (91%) | 1059 (94%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 148 (7.4%) | 75 (8.7%) | 73 (6.4%) |  |
24 | Smoked fish |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 1806 (91%) | 756 (88%) | 1050 (93%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 184 (9.2%) | 102 (12%) | 82 (7.2%) |  |
25 | Smoked rice | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.611 |
 |  | Never | 1781 (89%) | 764 (89%) | 1017 (90%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 209 (11%) | 94 (11%) | 115 (10%) |  |
26 | Table salt |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 1234 (62%) | 450 (52%) | 784 (69%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 756 (38%) | 408 (48%) | 348 (31%) |  |
27 | Tea | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.023 |
 |  | Never to low | 53 (2.7%) | 15 (1.7%) | 38 (3.4%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1937 (97%) | 843 (98%) | 1094 (97%) |  |
28 | Tea temperature |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Cold to warm | 1281 (64%) | 450 (52%) | 831 (73%) |  |
 |  | Hot | 709 (36%) | 408 (48%) | 301 (27%) |  |
29 | Tuna fish |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 925 (46%) | 442 (52%) | 483 (43%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 1065 (54%) | 416 (48%) | 649 (57%) |  |
30 | Vegetables |  |  |  |  | > 0.901 |
 |  | Never to low | 545 (27%) | 236 (28%) | 309 (27%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1445 (73%) | 622 (72%) | 823 (73%) |  |
31 | Vitamins |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 389 (20%) | 93 (11%) | 296 (26%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 1601 (80%) | 765 (89%) | 836 (74%) |  |
32 | Yoghurt |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never to low | 477 (24%) | 159 (19%) | 318 (28%) |  |
 |  | Medium to high | 1513 (76%) | 699 (81%) | 814 (72%) |  |
3. Medical status (self-reported) | Â | |||||
33 | Colitis | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.825 |
 |  | No | 1968 (99%) | 849 (99%) | 1119 (99%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 22 (1.1%) | 9 (1.0%) | 13 (1.1%) |  |
34 | Diabetes |  |  |  |  | > 0.932 |
 |  | No | 1850 (93%) | 797 (93%) | 1053 (93%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 140 (7.0%) | 61 (7.1%) | 79 (7.0%) |  |
35 | Esophageal reflux | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.025 |
 |  | No | 1572 (79%) | 698 (81%) | 874 (77%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 418 (21%) | 160 (19%) | 258 (23%) |  |
36 | Esophagitis | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.315 |
 |  | No | 1976 (99%) | 850 (99%) | 1126 (99%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 14 (0.7%) | 8 (0.9%) | 6 (0.5%) |  |
37 | Family history of GC |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | No | 1735 (87%) | 712 (83%) | 1023 (90%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 255 (13%) | 146 (17%) | 109 (9.6%) |  |
38 | Family history of GI cancers |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | No | 1475 (74%) | 585 (68%) | 890 (79%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 515 (26%) | 273 (32%) | 242 (21%) |  |
39 | Family history of stomach operation | Â | Â | Â | 0.005 | |
 |  | No | 1832 (92%) | 773 (90%) | 1059 (94%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 158 (7.9%) | 85 (9.9%) | 73 (6.4%) |  |
40 | Fatty liver | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.226 |
 |  | No | 1970 (99%) | 852 (99%) | 1118 (99%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 20 (1.0%) | 6 (0.7%) | 14 (1.2%) |  |
41 | Gastritis |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | No | 1650 (83%) | 758 (88%) | 892 (79%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 340 (17%) | 100 (12%) | 240 (21%) |  |
42 | Personal history of GI cancers |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | No | 1926 (97%) | 805 (94%) | 1121 (99%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 64 (3.2%) | 53 (6.2%) | 11 (1.0%) |  |
43 | Family history of stomach operation |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | No | 1952 (98%) | 830 (97%) | 1122 (99%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 38 (1.9%) | 28 (3.3%) | 10 (0.9%) |  |
4. Narcotics | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | |
44 | Alcohol | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.415 |
 |  | Never | 1837 (92%) | 787 (92%) | 1050 (93%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 153 (7.7%) | 71 (8.3%) | 82 (7.2%) |  |
45 | Opium |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 1777 (89%) | 732 (85%) | 1045 (92%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 213 (11%) | 126 (15%) | 87 (7.7%) |  |
46 | Smoking |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Never | 1414 (71%) | 519 (60%) | 895 (79%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 576 (29%) | 339 (40%) | 237 (21%) |  |
47 | Waterpipe | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.523 |
 |  | Never | 1807 (91%) | 775 (90%) | 1032 (91%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 183 (9.2%) | 83 (9.7%) | 100 (8.8%) |  |
48 | Passive smoking (childhood) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | Never | 1235 (62%) | 495 (58%) | 740 (65%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 755 (38%) | 363 (42%) | 392 (35%) |  |
5. Socioeconomic status (SES) | Â | |||||
49 | Birth place |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Urban | 990 (50%) | 332 (39%) | 658 (58%) |  |
 |  | Rural | 1000 (50%) | 526 (61%) | 474 (42%) |  |
50 | Chemical exposure | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 |  | Never | 1704 (86%) | 712 (83%) | 992 (88%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 286 (14%) | 146 (17%) | 140 (12%) |  |
51 | Crowdedness | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 |
 |  | ≤ 2 per room | 1138 (57%) | 458 (53%) | 680 (60%) |  |
 |  | > 2 per room | 852 (43%) | 400 (47%) | 452 (40%) |  |
52 | Crowdedness (childhood) | Â | Â | Â | 0.003 | |
 |  | ≤ 2 per room | 323 (16%) | 115 (13%) | 208 (18%) |  |
 |  | > 2 per room | 1667 (84%) | 743 (87%) | 924 (82%) |  |
53 | Drinking water |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | City plumbing | 1777 (89%) | 715 (83%) | 1062 (94%) |  |
 |  | Other than city plumbing | 213 (11%) | 143 (17%) | 70 (6.2%) |  |
54 | Education |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | > 8 yrs | 551 (28%) | 128 (15%) | 423 (37%) |  |
 |  | < 8 yrs | 1439 (72%) | 730 (85%) | 709 (63%) |  |
55 | Job-related physical activities |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | High | 988 (50%) | 500 (58%) | 488 (43%) |  |
 |  | Low | 1002 (50%) | 358 (42%) | 644 (57%) |  |
56 | Marital status |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Other | 115 (5.8%) | 12 (1.4%) | 103 (9.1%) |  |
 |  | Married | 1875 (94%) | 846 (99%) | 1029 (91%) |  |
57 | Parents illiteracy (both) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | No | 636 (32%) | 151 (18%) | 485 (43%) |  |
 |  | Yes | 1354 (68%) | 707 (82%) | 647 (57%) |  |
58 | Physical exercise per week |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | Never | 701 (35%) | 256 (30%) | 445 (39%) |  |
 |  | Ever | 1289 (65%) | 602 (70%) | 687 (61%) |  |
59 | Refrigerator use | Â | Â | Â | Â | 0.241 |
 |  | Yes | 1956 (98%) | 840 (98%) | 1116 (99%) |  |
 |  | No | 34 (1.7%) | 18 (2.1%) | 16 (1.4%) |  |
60 | Refrigerator use (childhood) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | Yes | 698 (35%) | 200 (23%) | 498 (44%) |  |
 |  | No | 1292 (65%) | 658 (77%) | 634 (56%) |  |
61 | Residence place |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Urban | 1617 (81%) | 604 (70%) | 1013 (89%) |  |
 |  | Rural | 373 (19%) | 254 (30%) | 119 (11%) |  |
62 | Residence place (childhood) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | Urban | 1073 (54%) | 345 (40%) | 728 (64%) |  |
 |  | Rural | 917 (46%) | 513 (60%) | 404 (36%) |  |
63 | Residence type |  |  |  |  | < 0.001 |
 |  | Owned | 1617 (81%) | 758 (88%) | 859 (76%) |  |
 |  | Rented | 373 (19%) | 100 (12%) | 273 (24%) |  |
64 | Residence type (childhood) |  |  |  | < 0.001 | |
 |  | Owned | 1786 (90%) | 807 (94%) | 979 (86%) |  |
 |  | Rented | 204 (10%) | 51 (5.9%) | 153 (14%) |  |